ʻO nā mea hana hale nā mea nui o ke kūkulu ʻana, e hoʻoholo ana i nā ʻano, ke ʻano, a me nā hopena o kahi hale. ʻO nā mea hana hale kuʻuna e komo pū me ka pōhaku, ka lāʻau, nā piliki lepo, ka lime, a me ka gypsum, ʻoiai ʻo nā mea hana hale hou e komo pū me ke kila, ka sima, ka sima, ke aniani, a me nā palakiko. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o lākou nā hiʻohiʻona ʻokoʻa a he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko lākou i ke kūkulu ʻana.
Nā mea hana hale kuʻuna
1. Pōhaku
ʻO ka pōhaku kekahi o nā mea kūkulu hale kuʻuna mua loa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mōʻaukala kanaka. Loaʻa iā ia nā waihona waiwai nui, ka hoʻolaha ākea, ke ʻano maikaʻi, ka ikaika compressive kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa wai maikaʻi, ka lōʻihi, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu maikaʻi loa. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻo ʻEulopa Komohana i ka pōhaku i ka hoʻolālā hale, me nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana e like me ka Hale Aliʻi nani o Versailles ma Palani a me ka Hale Pāremata Pelekane. Eia kekahi, ua kūkulu ʻia nā pyramids ʻAigupita me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā poloka pōhaku nui i ʻoki pono ʻia. Hāʻawi ke ʻano pōhaku i kahi aura o ka hanohano, ke kūlana koʻikoʻi, a me ka hanohano. Eia naʻe, ma muli o kona nui a me ke kaumaha, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o nā paia pōhaku, kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka lakio o ka papahele o ka hale. Eia naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka hoʻohiwahiwa i ka hoʻolālā upscale, e hana ana i nā hopena kiʻi kū hoʻokahi.
2. Lāʻau
ʻO ka lāʻau, ma ke ʻano he mea hana hale kuʻuna, he mau ʻano e like me ka māmā, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka nani o ka nani, ka hana maikaʻi, ka hiki ke hoʻohou hou, ka hana hou ʻana, a me ke aloha i ke kaiapuni me ka ʻole o ka haumia. No laila, hōʻike nā hale kūkulu lāʻau i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa i ka seismic. Eia nō naʻe, hele mai ka lāʻau i hoʻohana ʻia i ke kūkulu ʻana me nā hemahema. He maʻalahi ia i ka deformation, ka haki ʻana, ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻōpala, a me ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā pepeke. Eia kekahi, he maʻalahi ia i ke ahi, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻopilikia i kona maikaʻi a me kona kūpaʻa.
He mea kūkulu hale mau loa ka lāʻau ma muli o kona mau waiwai mechanical kiʻekiʻe a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā hana kūkulu hale mai ka wā kahiko. ʻO kekahi mau hale e like me nā ʻāpana o ka Luakini ʻo Nanchan a me ka Luakini ʻo Foguang ma ka mauna ʻo Wutai ma Kina e lawelawe nei ma ke ʻano he mau ʻelele kuhikuhipuʻuone maʻamau. He mau pali mālie a kūlike ʻole kēia mau hale, nā ʻaoʻao ākea, nā bracketing koʻikoʻi, a me ke ʻano koʻikoʻi a maʻalahi hoʻi.
I nā papahana ʻenekinia kīwila o kēia au, hilinaʻi nā mea e like me nā kaola, nā kolamu, nā kākoʻo, nā puka, nā puka makani, a me nā ʻōmole sima i ka lāʻau. Ma ke ʻano he mea kūkulu hale e hanu ana, hāʻawi ka lāʻau i ka mehana i ka hoʻoilo a me ke anuanu i ke kauwela, no laila e hana ana i kahi noho kūpono loa no kānaka.
Luakini Nanchan, Kina
3. Nā pōhaku lepo
ʻO nā piliki lepo kahi ʻano mea hana hale i hana ʻia e ke kanaka. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo nā piliki lepo maʻamau ka mea nui no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale ma Kina. ʻIke ʻia nā piliki lepo e ko lākou liʻiliʻi, māmā, maʻalahi ke kūkulu ʻana, ʻano maʻamau a maʻamau, hiki ke hāpai i nā ukana, nā hiki ke pale aku a me ka mālama ʻana, a me ko lākou hoʻonaninani ʻana i mua o ka hale. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou i ke kūkulu ʻana ua hoʻokani i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā wahi noho no nā kānaka. ʻO ke Kulanakauhale Kapu he ʻano hoʻolālā maʻamau e hoʻohana ana i nā piliki lepo. ʻO nā piliki lepo maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻaoʻao o waho e hāʻawi i ka hopena kiʻi kupaianaha o ke Kulanakauhale Kapu. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea maka no nā piliki lepo he lepo maoli, a ʻo kā lākou hana ʻana e pili ana i ka mōhai ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai. Ua hoʻololi mālie ʻia lākou e nā mea ʻē aʻe. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole e holoi ʻia ko lākou kūlana i ka mōʻaukala hoʻolālā kanaka.
4. Lime
ʻO ka lime, ma ke ʻano he mea hana hale kuʻuna, ua kaulana ia no kona plasticity ikaika, ka lohi o ke kaʻina hana paʻakikī, ka ikaika haʻahaʻa ma hope o ka paʻakikī ʻana, a me ka emi nui ʻana o ka nui i ka wā o ka paʻakikī ʻana. ʻO kona mau tausani makahiki o ka mōʻaukala e hōʻike ana i ka hilinaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi o ke kanaka i kēia mea. He mea hana hale koʻikoʻi ka lime, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā papahana kūkulu a me nā ʻoihana like ʻole, e like me ka plastering o loko, ke kāwili ʻana i ka lime mortar a me ka grout, a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā piliki adobe a me ka lepo.
Pēlā nō, ʻo ka gypsum, kahi mea kūkulu hale kuʻuna kahiko ʻē aʻe, e kaena ana i nā mea maka he nui, kahi hana hana maʻalahi, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hana haʻahaʻa, ka omo ikaika ʻana o ka makū, ke kumukūʻai kūpono, a me ke aloha i ke kaiapuni. He kūpono loa ia no nā ʻāpana kūloko o ke kūkulu hale hou, nā mea hoʻonaninani, a me nā papahana hoʻopau. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka plaster gypsum a me nā huahana gypsum.
Nā mea hana hale hou
5. Ke kila
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ke kila i ke kūkulu hale hou ma ke ʻano he mea kūkulu hale. Loaʻa i ke kila nā ʻano maikaʻi loa e like me ka māmā akā ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka plasticity maikaʻi a me ka paʻakikī, ka palekana a me ka hilinaʻi, ka pae ʻoihana kiʻekiʻe, ka wikiwiki o ke kūkulu ʻana, ka wehe maʻalahi, nā waiwai sila maikaʻi, a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia mau ʻano premium e hoʻolilo iā ia i mea nui i ke kūkulu hale hou, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā hale kila nui e like me nā kahua mokulele a me nā kahua pāʻani, nā hale kila kiʻekiʻe e like me nā hōkele a me nā hale keʻena, nā hale kiʻekiʻe e like me nā hale kīwī a me nā hale kamaʻilio, nā hale kila pūpū e like me nā pahu mālama aila nui a me nā pahu kinoea, nā hale kila hale hana ʻoihana, nā hale kila māmā e like me nā hale kūʻai liʻiliʻi, nā hale kila alahaka, a me nā hale kila no nā ʻāpana neʻe e like me nā elevators a me nā cranes.
6. Sima
ʻO ka sima, ma ke ʻano he mea hana hale o kēia au, loaʻa nā noi nui i nā ʻoihana ʻoihana, mahiʻai, waiwai wai, halihali, hoʻomohala kūlanakauhale, awa, a me ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pale kaua. I kēia au hou, ua lilo ia i mea hana hale pono ʻole no kekahi papahana hale. ʻO ka sima kahi mea pauka inorganic, i ka wā e hui pū ʻia me ka wai, e hana i kahi paʻi wai a palupalu. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, loli kēia paʻi sima i nā loli kino a me nā kemika, e hoʻololi ana mai kahi paʻi palupalu i loko o kahi paʻa paʻa me kahi pae o ka ikaika. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopili pū i nā mea paʻa a i ʻole nā mea granular e hana i kahi ʻano i hoʻokahi ʻia. ʻAʻole wale ka sima e paʻakikī a loaʻa ka ikaika i ka wā e hōʻike ʻia ai i ka lewa akā hiki ke paʻakikī i ka wai, e mālama a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ikaika. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka sima i nā papahana kūkulu, me kahi ākea o nā noi i ka ʻenekinia kīwila, nā ʻoihana aila a me ke kinoea, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pā, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā pōhaku lepo, ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alanui, a me nā mea hou aku.
7. Sima
ʻO ka sima, ma ke ʻano he mea hana hale o kēia au, he kuleana koʻikoʻi loa ia i nā papahana kūkulu o kēia wā. ʻO ka sima kahi mea hana hale i hana ʻia ma ke kāwili ʻana i nā mea hoʻopaʻa e like me ka lepo, ka lime, ka gypsum, ka lehu pele, a i ʻole ka asphalt kūlohelohe me nā aggregates e like me ke one, ka slag, a me ka pōhaku i kuʻi ʻia. He waiwai maikaʻi loa ia, me ka paʻa paʻa, ka lōʻihi, a me ke kūpaʻa wai. Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka sima he mea palupalu me ka ikaika compressive kiʻekiʻe akā he haʻahaʻa loa ka ikaika tensile, e maʻalahi ai ka nahā.
Me ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka sima a me ke kila, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau mea i hāʻawi i ka ikaika hoʻopili maikaʻi aʻe a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā nāwaliwali o kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ko lākou mau ikaika. Ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hoʻoikaika kila i loko o ka sima, ʻaʻole ia e pale wale i ke kila mai ka ʻike ʻana i ka lewa, e pale ana i ka palaho akā e hoʻonui pū i ka ikaika tensile o ka ʻāpana kūkulu. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka sima i hoʻoikaika ʻia, e hoʻonui ana i ka laulā o nā noi no ka sima i ke kūkulu ʻana.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hale piliki a me nā hale pōhaku kuʻuna, nā hale lāʻau, a me nā hale kila, ua ʻike ʻia ka ulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā hale sima a ua lilo i mea kūkulu mua i ka ʻenekinia kīwila. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomau nei nā ʻano sima hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano sima hou i ka holomua a me ka ulu ʻana i ke kahua o ke kūkulu ʻana.
8. Aniani
Eia kekahi, ʻo ke aniani a me ka palakiko, ma ke ʻano he mau mea hana hale hou, ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei i nā papahana kūkulu o kēia wā. Hiki i ke aniani ke hoʻokō i nā koi no ke kukui ʻana o ke ao, ka hoʻonaninani, a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka facade, e kūlike ana me nā koi pono o ka ikehu o ke kuhikuhipuʻuone hou. Loaʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke aniani ma aneane nā ʻano āpau o ke kūkulu ʻana ma muli o kona mau ʻano like ʻole, e like me ke aniani tempered, ke aniani semi-tempered, ke aniani insulated, ke aniani laminated, ke aniani tinted, ke aniani i uhi ʻia, ke aniani patterned, ke aniani pale ahi, ke aniani vacuum, a me nā mea hou aku.
Hale Keaka Nui-ʻo-Shanghai-Poly
9. Palakiko
He papa hou ka palakika o nā mea kūkulu hale, ma muli o kāna hana maikaʻi loa, ka laulā o nā noi, a me nā manaʻolana hoʻohiki, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻehā o nā papa nui o nā mea kūkulu hale ma hope o ke kila, ka sima, a me ka lāʻau i ke kūkulu ʻana o kēia au. He ākea ka laulā o nā noi o ka palakika, mai nā hale a hiki i nā ʻili honua, a mai nā hale lehulehu o waho a hiki i nā mea hoʻonaninani o loko. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā noi maʻamau o ka palakika i ke kūkulu ʻana no nā paipu wai a me nā paipu hoʻokahe wai, nā paipu hoʻoili kinoea, a me nā puka a me nā puka makani PVC, a ukali ʻia e nā uea uila a me nā kaula.
ʻO kekahi o nā pono koʻikoʻi o nā plastics ʻo ia ko lākou hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu, me ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana plastic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu haʻahaʻa loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kūkulu hale ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā plastics i nā papahana kūkulu hale, paia, a me nā papahele like ʻole. Ke ulu mau nei ke kahua o nā plastics kuhikuhipuʻuone i ka hana kiʻekiʻe, ka hana i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia, ka versatility, a me ke kumukūʻai kūpono.
10. Mea hoʻopaʻa silicone
ʻO ka sealant silicone kahi mea like me ka paʻi i hana ʻia ma ke kāwili ʻana i ka polydimethylsiloxane ma ke ʻano he mea maka nui me nā mea hoʻopili crosslinking, nā mea hoʻopihapiha, nā plasticizers, nā mea hoʻopili, a me nā mea hoʻouluulu ma lalo o nā kūlana vacuum. Ma ka mahana o ka lumi, hoʻōla a hana ia i ka ʻūpā silicone elastic ma o kahi hopena me ka makū i ka lewa. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka sila ʻana i nā ʻano aniani like ʻole a me nā substrates ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa, hāʻawi ʻo Eolya i nā sealant multifunctional, me ka sealant aniani, ka sealant pale i ke aniau, ka sealant pale ahi, ka sealant pōhaku, ka sealant hui metala, ka sealant pale ʻōpala, ka sealant hui hoʻonaninani, a me ka sealant aniani insulated, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i loaʻa i nā ʻano a me nā kikoʻī he nui.
11. Huʻa polyurethane (Huʻa PU)
Ma ke ʻano he ʻano mea hale hou, ua loaʻa i ka huʻa polyurethane ka nānā nui ʻia i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Hoʻohui ʻia ia mai nā monomers e like me nā isocyanates a me nā polyols ma o kahi hopena polymerization, me ke kinoea carbon dioxide i hana ʻia e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohua. Hoʻopuka kēia hopena i kahi huʻa microcellular i hoʻonohonoho paʻa ʻia. Hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia ka huʻa Polyurethane i ka huʻa polyurethane paʻa, ka huʻa polyurethane palupalu, a me ka huʻa polyurethane semi-rigid. ʻAʻole like me ke ʻano pani-cell o ka huʻa polyurethane paʻa, he ʻano cell-hāmama ka huʻa polyurethane palupalu, i hōʻike ʻia e kona māmā, ka hanu ʻana, a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi. ʻO ka huʻa polyurethane semi-rigid kahi ʻano huʻa cell-hāmama me ka paʻakikī ma waena o ka huʻa palupalu a me ka paʻakikī, a he kiʻekiʻe kona mau waiwai ukana compression. ʻO ka huʻa polyurethane paʻa, kahi mea synthetic hou me nā hana insulation a me ka waterproofing, he haʻahaʻa ka conductivity thermal a me ka density liʻiliʻi, no laila e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me ka insulation a me ka mea pale thermal i ke kūkulu ʻana.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hana kuʻuna, loaʻa i ka huʻa polyurethane nā pono koʻikoʻi ma nā ʻano like ʻole, me ka hana insulation maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa ahi ikaika, ke kūpaʻa wai kiʻekiʻe, a me nā waiwai mechanical paʻa. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ma kahi ma o ka hoʻolei ʻana a i ʻole ka pīpī ʻana e hana i kahi papa insulation hoʻomau, a ua loaʻa nā noi nui i nā waho o ka hale, nā kaupaku, nā papahele, nā puka, nā puka makani, a me nā pūnaewele paipu hoʻomehana.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kūkulu hale kuʻuna a me nā mea hou, ma muli o ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me nā koi kuhikuhipuʻuone e loli nei, hāʻawi nā mea kūkulu hale hou i nā pono he nui ma mua o nā mea kuʻuna. ʻO ka hopena, ua lawe lākou i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka kuhikuhipuʻuone o kēia wā, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kūkulu hale kuʻuna ma ke ʻano he kuleana kōkua. ʻO nā mea kūkulu hale hou e like me ke kila, ka sima, ka sima, ke aniani, a me nā mea i hui pū ʻia ua uhaʻi i nā palena o ke ʻano a me ka nui i kau ʻia e nā mea kuʻuna e like me ka pōhaku, ka lāʻau, nā piliki lepo, a me ka gypsum lime. Ua kōkua lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hale kiʻekiʻe, hohonu a ua hoʻokō i nā koi o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale, e kūlike ana me nā ʻano o ka palekana o ke kaiapuni a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu i loko o ke kaiāulu hou.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Aug-31-2023
