ʻO nā mea kūkulu hale nā mea kumu o ke kūkulu ʻana, e hoʻoholo ana i ke ʻano o ka hale, ke ʻano, a me nā hopena. ʻO nā mea hale kuʻuna maʻamau ka pōhaku, ka lāʻau, nā pōhaku lepo, ka lime, a me ka gypsum, ʻoiai nā mea kūkulu hale hou e hoʻopuni ana i ke kila, ka sima, ke koʻikoʻi, ke aniani, a me nā plastics. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia o lākou nā hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa a he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana.
Mea kūkulu hale kuʻuna
1. Pōhaku
ʻO ka pōhaku kekahi o nā mea kūkulu hale kuʻuna mua loa i hoʻohana ʻia i ka mōʻaukala kanaka. Hōʻike ia i nā mālama mālama nui, ka hoʻolaha ākea, ka hoʻolālā maikaʻi, ka ikaika compressive kiʻekiʻe, ke kūpaʻa wai maikaʻi, ka lōʻihi, a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻo ʻEulopa i ka pōhaku i ka hoʻolālā ʻana, me nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana e like me ka Hale Aliʻi nani o Versailles ma Farani a me ka Hale Palani Pelekane. Eia kekahi, ua kūkulu ʻia nā pyramid o ʻAigupita me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā poloka pōhaku nui i ʻoki pololei ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻolālā pōhaku e lawe i kahi aura o ka hanohano, ka hanohano, a me ka hanohano. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke kaumaha, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o nā pā pōhaku, e hōʻemi ana i ka pae o ka papahele o ka hale. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka nani i ka hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe, e hana ana i nā hopena kiʻi kūikawā.
2. Laau
ʻO ka lāʻau, ma ke ʻano he mea hale kuʻuna, loaʻa nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka māmā, ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻopiʻi nani, ka hana maikaʻi, ka hana hou, ka hana hou ʻana, a me ka launa ʻana me ka ʻole o ka pollution. No laila, hōʻike nā hale kūkulu lāʻau i ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa a me ke kūpaʻa seismic. Eia naʻe, hiki mai ka lāʻau i ke kūkulu ʻana me nā drawbacks. He mea maʻalahi ia i ka deformation, ka māwae, ka ulu ʻana o ka poʻi, a me ka infestation insect. Eia kekahi, hiki ke maʻalahi i ke ahi, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kona maikaʻi a me ka lōʻihi.
ʻO ka lāʻau he mea hale mau loa ia ma muli o kona mau ʻano mechanical kiʻekiʻe a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā hana kūkulu ʻana mai ka wā kahiko. ʻO kekahi mau hale e like me nā ʻāpana o ka luakini ʻo Nanchan a me ka luakini ʻo Foguang ma ka mauna Wutai ma Kina e lilo i mau ʻelele hoʻolālā maʻamau. Loaʻa kēia mau hale i nā pali mālie, ʻokoʻa ʻole, nā ea nui, bracketing kaulana, a me kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi a maʻalahi.
I loko o nā papahana ʻenekinia kīwila hou, ʻo nā mea e like me nā kaola, nā kolamu, nā kākoʻo, nā puka, nā puka makani, a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hilinaʻi i ka lāʻau. Ma ke ʻano he mea hale hanu, hāʻawi ka lāʻau i ka mehana i ka hoʻoilo a me ka ʻoluʻolu i ke kauwela, no laila e hana ana i kahi noho kūpono loa no ke kanaka.
Luakini Nanchan, Kina
3. Nā pōhaku lepo
ʻO nā pōhaku lepo he ʻano mea hale i hana ʻia e ke kanaka. No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo nā pōhaku lepo maʻamau ka mea nui o ka pā no ke kūkulu hale ma Kina. Hōʻike ʻia nā pōhaku lepo e ko lākou liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ke kaumaha māmā, ka maʻalahi o ke kūkulu ʻana, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ke ʻano maʻamau, ka hiki ke halihali i ka ukana, ka insulation a me ka mālama ʻana, a me kā lākou hoʻonaninani facade. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou i ke kūkulu ʻana ua hana nui i ka hana ʻana i nā wahi noho no nā kānaka. ʻO ka Forbidden City kahi kiʻi hoʻolālā maʻamau e hoʻohana ana i nā pōhaku lepo. ʻO nā pōhaku lepo maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻaoʻao o waho e hāʻawi i ka hopena kiʻi kupaianaha o Forbidden City. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea maka no nā pōhaku lepo he pālolo maoli, a ʻo kā lākou hana ʻana e pili ana i ka ʻālana ʻāina. Me ka liʻiliʻi, ua pani ʻia lākou e nā mea ʻē aʻe. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole loa e holoi ʻia ko lākou kūlana ma ka mōʻaukala hoʻolālā kanaka.
4. Lime
ʻO ka Lime, ma ke ʻano he mea hale kuʻuna, ua ʻike ʻia no kona palaki ikaika, kaʻina hana paʻakikī, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma hope o ka paʻakikī, a me ka emi ʻana o ka leo i ka wā paʻakikī. Hōʻike kona mau kaukani makahiki o ka mōʻaukala i ka hilinaʻi a me ka hilinaʻi o ke kanaka i kēia mea. He mea koʻikoʻi ka Lime i mea kūkulu hale, hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā hana kūkulu a me nā ʻoihana like ʻole, e like me ka plastering o loko, ka hui ʻana i ka lime mortar a me ka grout, a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā adobe a me nā pōhaku lepo.
Pēlā nō, ʻo ka gypsum, kekahi mea hale kahiko kahiko, ke kaena nei i ka nui o nā mea maka, kahi kaʻina hana maʻalahi, ka hoʻohana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai ikaika, affordability, a me ke aloha kaiapuni. He kūpono ia no nā ʻāpana o loko o kēia wā, nā mea hoʻonaninani, a me nā hana hoʻopau. Hoʻohui ʻia, hoʻohana mua ʻia no ka hana ʻana i ka plaster gypsum a me nā huahana gypsum.
Mea kūkulu hale hou
5. Ke kila
He koʻikoʻi ko ke kila i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o kēia wā ma ke ʻano he mea kūkulu hale. Loaʻa i ke kila nā ʻano maikaʻi e like me ka māmā akā ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ka plasticity maikaʻi a me ka paʻakikī, ka palekana a me ka hilinaʻi, ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻoihana, ka wikiwiki o ke kūkulu ʻana, ka wehe maʻalahi, nā waiwai hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi, a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia mau hiʻohiʻona waiwai he mea nui ia i ka hoʻolālā hou, hoʻohana mua ʻia i nā hale kila nui e like me nā mokulele a me nā kahua hoʻokūkū, nā hale kila kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā hōkele a me nā keʻena keʻena, nā hale kiʻekiʻe e like me ke kīwī a me nā hale kiaʻi kamaʻilio, nā hale kila kila e like me ka aila nui. nā pahu hoʻopaʻa a me nā pahu hau, nā hale hana ʻenehana, nā hale kila māmā e like me nā hale kūʻai liʻiliʻi, nā hale kila alahaka, a me nā hale kila no ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea e like me nā elevators a me nā cranes.
6. Sima
ʻO ka Cement, ma ke ʻano he mea kūkulu hale hou, loaʻa nā noi nui i ka ʻoihana, ka mahiʻai, nā kumu wai, ka lawe ʻana, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale, ke awa, a me ka hana pale. I kēia au hou, ua lilo ia i mea hana pono no kekahi papahana hale. ʻO ka sima he mea pauda anorganic ia, ke hui pū ʻia me ka wai, lilo ia i wai a me ka paʻi malleable. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, hoʻololi ʻia kēia pāpaʻi sima i ke kino a me ke kemika, e hoʻololi ana mai kahi paʻi malleable i loko o kahi paʻa paʻa me kahi pae o ka ikaika. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻopaʻa pū i nā mea paʻa paʻa a i ʻole nā mea granular e hana i kahi ʻano hui. ʻAʻole paʻakikī wale ka sima a loaʻa ka ikaika ke ʻike ʻia i ka lewa akā hiki ke paʻakikī i ka wai, mālama a hoʻomaikaʻi hoʻi i kona ikaika. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Cement i nā hana kūkulu, me kahi ākea o nā noi i ka ʻenekinia kīwila, ka ʻaila a me ka ʻenehana kinoea, ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pā, ka hana ʻana i nā pōhaku, ka hana alanui, a me nā mea hou aku.
7. Paʻa
He mea koʻikoʻi loa ka paʻakai, ma ke ʻano he mea kūkulu hale i kēia manawa. ʻO ka ʻuala kahi mea hana i hana ʻia e ka hui ʻana i nā mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa e like me ka pālolo, lime, gypsum, lehu lua pele, a i ʻole asphalt maoli me nā aggregates e like me ke one, slag, a me ka pōhaku i ʻoki ʻia. Hāʻawi ia i nā waiwai maikaʻi loa, e pili ana i ka cohesion ikaika, ka lōʻihi, a me ka pale wai. Eia nō naʻe, manaʻo ʻia ʻo ke koki he mea palupalu me ka ikaika compressive kiʻekiʻe akā haʻahaʻa loa ka ikaika tensile, hiki ke maʻa i ka mahā.
Me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka sima a me ke kila, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i kēia mau mea i hāʻawi i ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa maikaʻi a hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā nāwaliwali o kekahi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ko lākou ikaika. Ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hoʻoikaika kila i loko o ka ʻuala, ʻaʻole ia e pale wale i ke kila mai ka ʻike ʻana i ka lewa, e pale ana i ka corrosion akā e hoʻonui pū i ka ikaika tensile o ka mea hana. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka mea hoʻoikaika paʻa, e hoʻonui ana i ka nui o nā noi no ka hana ʻana.
I ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā pōhaku lepo a me nā pōhaku kuʻuna, nā hale lāʻau, a me nā hale kila, uaʻike nā hale paʻa i ka ulu wikiwikiʻana a ua lilo i mea hana kumu mua i kaʻenehana kīwila. Eia kekahi, ke hoʻomau nei nā ʻano hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā ʻano hana hou i ka holomua a me ka ulu ʻana i ke kahua kūkulu.
8. Aniani
Eia kekahi, ke hoʻohana mau ʻia nei ke aniani a me ka plastic, e like me nā mea kūkulu hale hou o kēia wā. Hiki i ke aniani ke hoʻokō i nā koi no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ke ao, ka hoʻonaninani, a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka facade, e kūlike me nā koi pono o ka ikehu o ka hoʻolālā hou. Loaʻa ke aniani i ka hoʻohana ʻana ma kahi kokoke i nā ʻano āpau o ke kūkulu ʻana ma muli o kona mau ʻano like ʻole, e like me ke aniani hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ke aniani semi-tempered, ke aniani insulated, ke aniani laminated, ke aniani ʻoniʻoni, ke aniani uhi ʻia, ke aniani hoʻohālike, ke aniani kūpaʻa ahi, ke aniani ʻūhā, a me nā mea hou aku. .
ʻO Shanghai-Poly-Grand-Theatre
9. Palaki
ʻO ka plastik kahi papa hana hale e puka mai ana, ma muli o kāna hana maikaʻi loa, ākea ka nui o nā noi, a me nā manaʻo hoʻohiki, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻehā o ka ʻāpana nui o nā mea hana ma hope o ke kila, sima, a me ka lāʻau i ka hana hou. Loaʻa i ka plastik ka laulā o nā noi, mai nā hale a hiki i ka ʻili honua, a mai nā hale lehulehu waho a i nā mea hoʻonaninani kūloko. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hoʻohana maʻamau o ka plastic i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana no ka wai a me nā paipu wai, nā paipu hoʻoili kinoea, a me nā puka PVC a me nā puka makani, a ukali ʻia e nā uwea uila a me nā kaula.
ʻO kekahi o nā pono koʻikoʻi o ka plastics ʻo ko lākou hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu nui, me ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana plastic me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hale ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā plastics i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ke kaupaku, ka pā, a me ka papahele. Ke ulu mau nei ke kahua o nā plastics archictoral i ka hana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana, versatility, a me ka uku-pono.
10. Mea hoʻopaʻa silikoni
ʻO ka Silicone sealant kahi mea paʻi e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka polydimethylsiloxane ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu nui me nā crosslinking agents, fillers, plasticizers, coupling agents, a me catalysts ma lalo o nā kūlana vacuum. Ma ka lumi wela, ho'ōla a hoʻokumu i ka rubber silicone elastic ma o ka hopena me ka wai i ka lewa. Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻano aniani like ʻole a me nā substrates ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa, hāʻawi ʻo Eolya i nā mea hoʻopaʻa multifunctional, e like me ke aniani sealant, ke aniani hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke ahi, ka mea e hoʻopaʻa ai i ke ahi, ka mea hoʻopaʻa pōhaku, ka mea hoʻopaʻa metala a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. kikoʻī.
11. ʻO Polyurethane Foam(PU Foam)
Ma ke ʻano he ʻano hana hale hou, ua loaʻa ka manaʻo nui o ka polyurethane foam i nā makahiki i hala. Hoʻohui ʻia ia mai nā monomers e like me isocyanates a me polyols ma o ka hopena polymerization, me ke kinoea carbon dioxide i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu. Hoʻopuka kēia pane i kahi ʻōhū microcellular paʻa. Hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia ka pahu polyurethane i loko o ka pahu polyurethane ʻoʻoleʻa, ka pahu polyurethane maʻalahi, a me ka pahu polyurethane semi-rigid. ʻAʻole like me ka hale paʻa paʻa o ka polyurethane foam paʻa, ʻo ka polyurethane foam hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia he ʻano hana wehe, ʻike ʻia e kona māmā, breathability, a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi. ʻO Semi-rigid polyurethane foam he ʻano pūnaewele hāmama me ka paʻakikī ma waena o ka huʻa palupalu a ʻoʻoleʻa, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā waiwai hoʻouka. ʻO ka pahu polyurethane paʻa, kahi mea synthetic hou me ka insulation a me ka hana wai wai, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, no laila e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me ka insulation a me nā mea pale wela i ke kūkulu ʻana.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea hana kuʻuna, loaʻa ka polyurethane foam i nā mea maikaʻi loa i nā ʻano like ʻole, me ka hana insulation maikaʻi loa, ke kūpaʻa ahi ikaika, ke kūpaʻa wai kiʻekiʻe, a me nā waiwai mechanical paʻa. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ka pūnaewele ma o ka hoʻolei ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana e hana i kahi papa insulation mau, a ua loaʻa i nā noi nui i ke kūkulu ʻana i waho, nā hale, nā papahele, nā puka, nā puka makani, a me nā pūnaewele pipeline hoʻomehana.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea hale kuʻuna a me nā mea hana hou, ma muli o ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me nā koi hoʻolālā e ulu nei, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kūkulu hale hou ma mua o nā mea kuʻuna. ʻO ka hopena, ua lawe lākou i kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi i ka hale hoʻolālā o kēia wā, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hale kuʻuna ma kahi hana hoʻohui. ʻO nā mea hana hale o kēia wā e like me ke kila, ka sima, ka pāpaʻi, ke aniani, a me nā composites i haki i nā palena o ke ʻano a me ka nui i kau ʻia e nā mea kahiko e like me ka pōhaku, ka lāʻau, nā pōhaku lepo, a me ka lime gypsum. Ua maʻalahi lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hale kiʻekiʻe, hohonu hohonu a hoʻokō i nā koi o ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kūlanakauhale, e kūlike me nā ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu i ka nohona hou.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: ʻAukake-31-2023
